田春琴 赵新汉 蒋冬梅

摘 要:目的 系统评价二线应用表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂与化疗比较治疗非选择型非小细胞肺癌患者的疗效。方法 自2008年1月~2014年12月对Pubmed、Cochrane library、EMBASE中检索相关的主题词及自由词,收集EGFR-TKIs与化疗相比二线治疗非选择型NSCLC的疗效的随机对照研究。按纳入标准及排除标准筛选文献,采用cochrane偏倚风险评估表对纳入文献进行质量评价,自纳入文献中提取有效数据,应用RevMan 5.3.5和STATA 12.0分析并对比非选择型NSCLC患者在EGFR-TKIs治疗中的疗效。敏感性分析和发表偏倚分析以评价结果的稳定性和可靠性。结果 共纳入5篇RCT,共2741例患者,Meta 分析显示:对于非选择型晚期NSCLC患者:二线EGFR-TKIs治疗的PFS(HR=0.98;95CI%:0.85~1.13;P=0.75)、OS(HR=1.01;95CI%:0.95~1.07;P=0.78)、ORR(RR=1.63;95CI%:0.93~2.86;P=0.09)与化疗相比无明显差异。结论 与化疗对比,作为二线用药的EGFR-TKIs应用于非选择型晚期NSCLC患者,不能起到有效的治疗作用。

关键词:表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂;非小细胞肺癌;Meta分析

中图分类号:R734.2 文献标识码:A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-1959.2018.20.015

文章编号:1006-1959(2018)20-0049-05

Abstract:Objective To evaluate the efficacy of second-line application of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of patients with non-selective non-small cell lung cancer.Methods From January 2008 to December 2014,the related keywords and free words were searched for Pubmed,Cochrane library,and EMBASE.A randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of EGFR-TKIs with chemotherapy for second-line treatment of non-selective NSCLC was performed.The literature was selected according to the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria.The quality of the included literature was evaluated using the cochrane bias risk assessment form.Effective data were extracted from the literature.RevMan 5.3.5 and STATA 12.0 were used to analyze and compare the efficacy of non-selective NSCLC patients in the treatment of EGFR-TKIs.Sensitivity analysis and publication bias analysis to assess the stability and reliability of the results.Results A total of 5 RCTs were included in a total of 2 741 patients. Meta-analysis showed:for non-selective advanced NSCLC patients:PFS for second-line EGFR-TKIs(HR=0.98;95CI%:0.85-1.13;P=0.75),OS(HR=1.01;95CI%:0.95-1.07;P=0.78),ORR(RR=1.63;95CI%:0.93-2.86;P=0.09)showed no significant difference compared with chemotherapy.Conclusion Compared with chemotherapy,EGFR-TKIs used as second-line drugs are not effective in the treatment of patients with non-selective advanced NSCLC.

Key words:Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors;Non-small cell lung cancer;Meta-analysis

21 世纪在肺癌治疗的领域达成的共识是传统治疗模式已经进入了一个平台期,肺癌的治疗急需寻找新的突破。随着分子生物学及遗产学的发展,分子靶向药物的研发与应用为非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cance,NSCLC)的治疗开启了一条新途径,逐渐成为晚期非小细胞肺癌的希望。EGFR 酪氨酸激酶小分子抑制剂(EGFR-TKIs)已成为肺癌治疗领域研究的热点,逐渐成为非小细胞肺癌治疗不可或缺的重要方法之一,且目前多种指南推荐EGFR-TKI用于NSCLC EGFR突变患者的一线治疗甚至为维持治疗、突变状态不明患者的二线、三线治疗,因此较大比例的NSCLC患者在EGFR-TKI治疗中获益。IPASS及OPTIMAL等研究证实,EGFR 突变阳性者使用EGFR-TKI 的有效率为50%~80%,筛选可能受益人群将极大地提高晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效。研究显示亚裔、不吸烟、女性、腺癌、肿瘤组织敏感性突变成为EGFR-TKI治疗敏感的优势人群,筛选可能受益人群将极大地提高晚期非小细胞肺癌的疗效[1]。2014年数据显示:中国NSCLC EGFR 突变检测率仅40%,近60%患者为突变状态未知人群,EGFR检测率低成为肺癌个体化治疗中急需解决的问题[2]。本文采用Meta分析方法,系统评价并进一步验证EGFR-TKIs二线治疗非选择型NSCLC的疗效,以期广大临床医师推进NSCLC规范化及个体化精确治疗,现报道如下。

1资料与方法

1.1纳入和排除标准 非选择型NSCLC患者指未对NSCLE患者做任何特殊分类,只要符合研究制定的入组条件即可。依据PICOS原则制定纳入标准。纳入ⅢB期和Ⅳ期为主的NSCLC患者,在化疗或者EGFR-TKI治疗过程中不能伴有放射或者其他治疗。作为二线用药的EGFR-TKIs对比化疗药物治疗非选择型NSCLC患者的研究时必须确定该研究纳入的患者为一线治疗方案失败之后改用作为二线的EGFR-TKI和作为二线的常规化疗。患者被随机入组后,按照不同的治疗方案进行干预。观察指标:无进展生存期、总体生存期、客观反应率。研究设计:纳入的研究应为EGFR-TKI治疗NSCLC患者的随机对照试验(Randomized controlled trial, RCT),不论方法学质量。

1.2文献检索策略 对数据库Pubmed、Cochrane library、EMBASE采用主题词结合自由词进行检索:epidermal growth factor receptor,“Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor”, gefitinib, erlotinib, afatinib, dacomitinib, icotinib, “Chemotherapy, Adjuvant”, “Chemotherapy, Cancer, Regional Perfusion”,Chemotherapy,no small cell lung cancer ,“Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung”,“Lung Neoplasms”, randomized controlled trial*, clinical trial*, random allocat*, random*, double-blind*, single-blind*。为减少文献漏检以Google Schoolar辅助检索及检查。时间范围设定为2008年1月~2014年12月。

2结果

2.1文献筛选流程 初检各数据库总计356篇(Pubmed 153篇、Cochrane library104篇、EMBASE99篇),通过阅读标题、摘要,排除281篇(重复78篇、综述23篇、非RCT180篇),确定75篇,阅读全文后排除与纳入条件不相符的47个研究,剩余28篇RCT,再排除6篇未报道,确定22篇,排除17篇非本组的研究后,最终纳入5篇RCT。

2.2二线用药的EGFR-TKIs对比化疗非选择型NSCLC患者的疗效

2.2.1纳入文献的一般情况 纳入5个[3-8]对比作为二线用药的EGFR-TKIs与常规药物相比较的RCT,研究发表时间为2008年~2012年,均为英文研究。3个研究采用吉非替尼作为二线治疗[3-5],剩余2个RCT[6,7]采用厄洛替尼作为二线方案。各个研究的样本量相差较大,从161到1466不等,见表1。

2.2.2纳入研究的方法学偏倚 其中大多数研究均没有详细报告随机序列的产生方法,亦未报道分配隐藏和盲法的实施情况,但对退出人员的报告较为清楚详细。此外,评价后出现选择性报告和其他偏倚的风险均较小。总体上,在此部分纳入的5个RCT质量较低。

2.3Meta分析结果

2.3.1 5个研究均报道了治疗后患者的PFS,共有5组数据,总体上结果提示作为二线用药的EGFR-TKI不能延长非选择型NSCLC患者的PFS(HR=0.98;95CI%:0.85~1.13;P=0.75),见图1。

2.3.2 5个研究均报道了治疗后患者的OS,共有5组数据,总体结果提示二线用药的EGFR-TKI不能延长非选择型NSCLC患者的OS(HR=1.01;95CI%:0.95~1.07;P=0.78),见图2。

2.3.3 5个研究均报道了治疗后患者的ORR,共有5组数据,总体结果提示二线用药的EGFR-TKI不能提高非选择型NSCLC患者的ORR(RR=1.63;95CI%:0.93~2.86;P=0.09),见图3。

2.4发表偏倚检测 如图4所示,效应量HR两侧的研究对称性欠佳,存在发表偏倚的可能。但是限于研究数目较少的原因,漏斗图反应可能并不真实。

3讨论

分子靶向治疗(targeted therapy)就是在细胞分子水平上,对已明确的致癌位点设计出有针对性的治疗药物,该药物进入体内后特异性地作用于该位点并发挥生物学效应,使肿瘤细胞发生特异性死亡,同时很少或不波及肿瘤周围的正常组织细胞。

具有EGFR突变的晚期NSCLC患者经EGFR-TKIs治疗后其中位OS已达24~30个月左右,意味着将近50%的EGFR突变型晚期NSCLC患者中位OS可达3~4年甚至更长[8-18],这是已经走向极致的传统治疗方法——化疗和放疗时代所难以想象的。

目前EGFR-TKIs被推荐为晚期NSCLC化疗失败后的标准治疗方案,并且,多种指南推荐EGFR-TKI(吉非替尼或厄洛替尼)用于晚期NSCLC EGFR突变患者的一线、维持、二线甚至三线治疗的标准方案 [19,20],突变状态不明患者的二线、三线治疗。

Gridelli 等[21]发现在未经选择的NSCLC患者中,EGFR-TKIs一线治疗的疗效不如化疗(吉西他滨/卡铂),如ORR10% vs 30%(P<0.05),mPFS 2.2个月vs5.7个月(P<0.05),mOS 8.5个月vs12.0个月(P=0.002)。

INTEREST研究头对头比较了吉非替尼和多西他赛作为二、三线方案治疗未经选择的晚期NSCLC患者的疗效和安全性。结果显示,吉非替尼疗效与多西他赛相当,但不良反应更少、更轻[22]。

本研究共纳入5篇RCT,共2741例患者,Meta 分析结果显示: 对于非选择型晚期NSCLC患者:二线EGFR-TKIs治疗的PFS(HR=0.98;95CI%:0.85~1.13;P=0.75)、OS(HR=1.01;95CI%:0.95~1.07;P=0.78)、ORR(RR=1.63;95CI%:0.93~2.86;P=0.09)与化疗相比无明显差异,结论指出:二线用药EGFR-TKIs与化疗相比,总体并不能增加非选择型晚期NSCLC患者的生存期,也不能提高该类患者的ORR。进而得出:二线用药的EGFR-TKIs应用于非选择型晚期NSCLC患者不能起到有效的治疗作用。因此,应尽量明确NSCLC的组织学类型、筛选并推进基因检测,从而利于肺癌的规范化治疗、个体化精确治疗,进而使更多肺癌患者从中获益。

本研究存在一定的局限性,尚需多国、多中心的高质量、大样本的随机临床对照试验进而验证 EGFR-TKIs 作为二线用药治疗非选择型晚期NSCLC 患者的疗效。

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收稿日期:2018-6-12;修回日期:2018-8-8

编辑/李桦