郑兆泓 胡良皞(扬州江都区中医院内科 扬州 225200)

慢性胰腺炎假性囊肿研究

郑兆泓 胡良皞
(扬州江都区中医院内科 扬州 225200)

假性囊肿是慢性胰腺炎最常见的并发症,因其发病率较低、起病隐匿、病程时间长等,以往对其研究较少。随着医学的不断发展,现对胰腺假性囊肿的分型、疾病特点、诊断和治疗等都有了进一步的了解,本文对此进行综述。

假性囊肿 慢性胰腺炎 诊断 治疗

假性囊肿是慢性胰腺炎最常见的并发症,是因胰管阻塞或狭窄引起胰管内压力增大,导致囊性扩张并液体积聚不能吸收而形成[1],其囊壁由纤维或炎性肉芽组织形成,囊内无胰腺上皮层衬垫[2]。本文综述慢性胰腺炎假性囊肿的分型、疾病特点、诊断和治疗措施。

1 分型

1961年,Sarles等[3-4]提出胰腺假性囊肿的分类取决于急性还是慢性胰腺炎,因为两者的假性囊肿在病理学上有明显区别,继发于急性胰腺炎的假性囊肿是坏死性囊肿,是因胰腺坏死及渗出所致,而继发于慢性胰腺炎的假性囊肿则为潴留囊肿,是胰管病变所致。但在临床上,这一区别仅在囊肿形成早期较为明显,囊肿成熟后则难以区分。1991年D’Egidio和Schein[5]对胰腺假性囊肿进行了分类:I型为急性胰腺炎发作后产生,很少与胰管相通;II型为慢性胰腺炎急性发作后产生,即胰管有慢性胰腺炎特征性改变,但无明显梗阻,而且胰管往往与囊肿相通;III型为发生于无急性发作史的慢性胰腺炎患者,有明确的胰管完全或不完全梗阻。根据胰管解剖结构可将慢性胰腺炎的假性囊肿分为主胰管交通型和非交通型两类[6-8]。Barkin和Hyder[9]对于慢性胰腺炎的假性囊肿按照形成原因又分为急性(>4周内有急性发作史)和慢性(无急性发作史)两类。

2 疾病特点

在假性囊肿的发生机制上,慢性胰腺炎假性囊肿多为胰管阻塞或狭窄引起胰管内压力增大,导致囊性扩张,囊肿多与胰管相通,而急性胰腺炎假性囊肿多因胰腺和胰周组织坏死溶解、局限包裹后形成,囊肿多不与胰管相通[1]。有报道慢性胰腺炎假性囊肿发病率为25%[10]。但亦有报道为20%~40%,低于急性胰腺炎假性囊肿的50%~71.5%[11-13],但因该研究样本量小、随访时间长,有些患者在确诊慢性胰腺炎10年后才发生假性囊肿,因而数据具有不确定性。有研究[14]发现大多数的慢性胰腺炎假性囊肿位于胰腺头部,但因该研究包含了部分急性胰腺炎样本,故对结果有所影响。在一项同样包含急性和慢性胰腺炎假性囊肿的外科手术和尸检研究中,发现大多数胰外假性囊肿多位于体部和尾部区域,而大多数胰内假性囊肿则位于胰腺头部[15]。慢性胰腺炎假性囊肿的形态大多为圆形或椭圆形,但也有少部分为多房型或多形型。有研究[16]测量103例慢性胰腺炎假性囊肿大小,发现其平均直径为9 cm。假性囊肿的囊液大多为胰液,少部分为胰腺坏死组织,但也有血性液体的报道。对于假性囊肿的形成时间,急性胰腺炎为4~6周,但慢性胰腺炎因起病较为隐匿,病程时间长而不明确[17]。

3 诊断

慢性胰腺炎假性囊肿患者的临床症状无特异性,文献报道大部分患者仅有持续的、程度不同的腹痛症状,少数患者由于囊肿压迫周围脏器组织引起黄疸、早饱、体重下降等症状。因为胰腺位置较深而不易触及,仅较大的假性囊肿在上腹部查体时可扪及包块。目前CT和磁共振成像是诊断胰腺假性囊肿的最可靠方法。钡餐和碘水造影可以观察胃肠道被假性囊肿压迫、推移的情况,对假性囊肿的探查更有立体感,不失为一种有效的辅助检查手段。超声内镜可了解假性囊肿的位置,确定胃壁和囊壁的相对位置,找到合适的穿刺点。内镜下逆行性胆胰管造影可以提示囊肿与胰管交通与否,对于愈后判断和治疗选择有一定意义。

4 治疗

慢性胰腺炎假性囊肿的治疗方案与急性胰腺炎假性囊肿大致相同,可采用内科保守治疗、手术切除、经胃囊肿引流术、囊肿十二指肠吻合术、内镜和介入治疗等,但应以患者具体情况而定。有关慢性胰腺炎假性囊肿需要进一步治疗的适应证为:①持续腹痛;②出现压迫消化道引起早饱、胃肠道梗阻、体重下降等症状;③出现压迫胆道引起的黄疸等症状;④压迫脾静脉造成门脉高压和胃底静脉曲张;⑤囊肿感染;⑥囊肿体积增大[17]。

4.1内科保守治疗

因有部分慢性胰腺炎假性囊肿可自行吸收,可采用抑制胰腺外分泌的药物(如奥曲肽)辅助治疗,以加速囊肿吸收。

4.2手术治疗

手术治疗作为胰腺假性囊肿的传统治疗方式,可选择囊肿摘除术或囊肿及部分胰腺切除术、囊肿与肠道和胃引流术等。

4.3介入治疗

胰腺假性囊肿的介入治疗作为近代兴起的新型治疗方式,目前普遍认为其疗效和外科手术相似,但具有费用低、住院时间短、出院后3个月内生活质量提高等优势。介入治疗主要分为透壁引流和经乳头引流两种,方法是置入1根或数根与消化道相通的支架[18-19],如囊肿直径1个月内缩小30%~50%即为治疗有效[20]。内镜下逆行性胆胰管造影可用于检查囊肿是否与主胰管相通,如囊肿与主胰管相通,可选择内镜下胰管支架植入术,如囊肿过大或有感染可行鼻胰管引流术辅助治疗;如囊肿与主胰管不相通,对囊肿结构较为成熟、与胃肠壁贴合紧密者,可选择超声内镜引导下的囊肿胃肠道引流术。有研究发现,对于直径较小(<5 cm)的囊肿,经乳头引流与透壁引流疗效相当,但前者并发症发生概率低于透壁引流[9,21-22]。

综上所述,慢性胰腺炎假性囊肿因其发病率较低、起病隐匿、病程时间长,有关其确切发病率、诱因等仍有待进一步研究。

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Research on the pseudocyst of chronic pancreatitis

ZHENG Zhaohong, HU Lianghao
(Department of Internal Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Jiangdu District, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225200, China)

Pseudocyst is the common complication of the chronic pancreatitis. Because of lower incidence, insidious onset and long duration, the research related to pancreatic pseudocyst was less in the past. With the continuous development of the medical science, the classification, disease characteristics, diagnoses and treatment of the pancreatic pseudocyst have been further understood. This paper summarizes it.

pseudocyst; chronic pancreatitis; diagnose; treatment

R657.5+2

A

1006-1533(2015)14-0025-02

2015-05-18)