张娄强 孙庚林

肿瘤干细胞miRNA及miRNA作为肿瘤标志物的研究和临床应用进展

张娄强 孙庚林△

肿瘤干细胞(CSCs)理论为肿瘤的研究开辟了一个新的方向,CSCs学说认为肿瘤细胞具有异质性,肿瘤中存在干细胞样细胞,该群细胞是一种增殖失控、可形成肿瘤的细胞,只占肿瘤细胞很少部分,具有干细胞特性,是形成不同分化程度肿瘤细胞和肿瘤增长、复发及转移的根源。微小RNA(miRNA)是广泛存在的非编码小RNA,调节着人类1∕3的基因,越来越多的证据显示miRNA在肿瘤的发生发展中起着重要的作用,作为重要的转录后调控因子,广泛参与肿瘤相关基因调控的生物程序,使不同类型的肿瘤表现出特异的miRNA表达谱。近年来,CSCs的miRNA研究日益成为热点,已经发现多种CSCs中存在特异性表达的miRNA,对CSCs的生物学行为有了更进一步的认识,发现肿瘤患者血浆中表达某些特异的miRNA,这些miRNA可以作为肿瘤的标志物对患者的病情及预后进行预测和判断。本文就近来CSCs中miRNA研究进展及miRNA作为肿瘤标志物研究进展进行综述。

肿瘤干细胞;微RNAs;肿瘤标记,生物学;综述

肿瘤干细胞(cancer stem cells,CSCs)被认为是肿瘤组织中存在的极少量干细胞样肿瘤细胞亚群,有无限的自我更新能力,在启动肿瘤形成和生长中起着决定性的作用,是肿瘤形成、生长、复发及耐药性的根源[1-3],CSCs的研究推动了肿瘤学的发展。微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA)在CSCs中起到非常重要的调节作用,目前国内外已有多项针对不同肿瘤CSCs miRNA的研究,成功筛选出在CSCs中与普通肿瘤细胞中表达差异的miRNA,对其中部分miRNA的生物学功能进行了研究,发现某些特异性miRNA可用于肿瘤个体化治疗,并可用于肿瘤的诊断及预后评价。本文对CSCs中miRNA研究和临床应用的最新进展进行综述。

1 miRNA在CSCs中的表达及其功能

1.1 miRNA与乳腺癌干细胞(BCSCs) miRNA对BCSCs具有重要的调控作用,miR-200c-141、miR-200b-200a-429和miR-183-96-182在人BCSCs中的表达均下调[4-6]。B细胞特异的莫洛尼白血病病毒插入位点1基因(Bmi-1)属于多梳基因家族成员,可与c-myc协同作用引起细胞转化和肿瘤形成,miR-200c过表达可下调Bmi-1,从而抑制BCSCs增殖能力、抑制肿瘤的形成,并能抑制乳腺导管的形成[4]。在BCSCs 中Let-7下调,而且在动物实验中发现,Let-7的过表达能够下调癌基因H-Ras和高移动族AT钩2基因(HMGA2),从而抑制BCSCs的自我更新和分化能力。miR-30能够通过调节泛素结合酶9(UBC9)和整联蛋白β3(ITGB3)使BCSCs数量明显减少。而且当Let-7和miR-30同时表达时,BCSCs的自我更新和肿瘤细胞球的形成能力被更加完全地抑制[7]。在对BCSCs的研究中还发现:除了miR-200家族以外,miR-15b、miR-16、miR-103、miR-107、miR-145、miR-335和miR-128b均可影响Bmi-1和调味12抑制因子同源物基因(Suz12)的表达,并影响作为DNA结合转录因子的锌指E盒结合同源盒蛋白(Zeb)1、Zeb2及Kruppel样因子4(Klf4)基因的表达,相反Zeb1和Zeb2能够抑制以上miRNAs的表达[8]。

1.2 miRNA与脑肿瘤干细胞 目前miRNA对颅脑肿瘤CSCs的研究主要集中在抑癌方面,在神经胶质瘤干细胞的研究中发现,CD133+细胞与CD133-细胞在miRNA表达谱上存在差异,尤其miR-125b在CD133+细胞中被显着下调,过表达miR-125b能够抑制CD133+细胞的增殖,并能够抑制内源性核转录因子E2F2蛋白的水平[9]。miR-124和miR-137能够诱导神经干细胞及胶质母细胞瘤干细胞的分化,并抑制肿瘤细胞增殖[10-12],表明miR-124和miR-137对胶质母细胞瘤具有治疗作用。在对脑胶质母细胞瘤的研究中还发现,miR-451在CD133+细胞中较CD133-细胞中表达明显下调[13],miR-451能抑制CD133+细胞自我更新形成细胞球,尤其与药物甲磺酸伊马替尼联用后抑制作用更加明显。

1.3 miRNA与胰腺癌肿瘤干细胞 在胰腺癌CSCs中Notch-1的表达可导致原癌miRNA(oncogenic miRNA)miR-21的表达升高,miR-200b、miR-200c、Let-7a、Let-7b和Let-7c的表达降低,而miR-200b的再次表达导致Zeb1和波形蛋白(vimentin)表达降低,并导致上皮性钙黏附蛋白(E-cadherin)表达升高,Notch-1信号通路活化能够使胰腺癌细胞产生上皮细胞间质转型(EMT),而miR-200b和CSCs的自我更新能力参与此过程的调节[14]。二甲双胍可加强Let-7a、Let-7b、miR-26a、miR-101、miR-200b和miR-200c的表达,并降低胰腺癌CSCs相关基因的表达[15]。对吉西他滨具有抵抗性的胰腺癌细胞系MIA PaCa-2中包含有ALDH-positive肿瘤干细胞样细胞,经miR-205转染后其干细胞标志物Oct3∕4 和CD44及微管蛋白β3(TUBB3)表达均降低,从而恢复了对吉西他滨的敏感性[16]。

1.4 miRNA与前列腺癌肿瘤干细胞 miR-34a能够抑制前列腺癌CSCs及前列腺癌的生长及转移,CD44本身就是miR-34a调控的下游受体,在前列腺癌移植瘤和原代肿瘤中分离出的CD44+细胞中,miR-34a表达下调,在肿瘤细胞中增强表达miR-34a能够抑制前列腺癌细胞的克隆及肿瘤的复发和转移,在CD44-细胞中导入miR-34a反义序列能够促进肿瘤细胞的生长和转移,动物实验证实miR-34a对前列腺癌具有治疗作用,可延长生存时间。以上提示miR-34a对前列腺癌CSCs具有重要的调控作用,可以作为治疗前列腺癌的靶点[17]。

1.5 miRNA与肝癌肿瘤干细胞 miR-181家族成员在肝癌CSCs中表达上调,抑制miR-181可减少CSCs的细胞数量及其形成肿瘤的能力,外源性表达miR-181可增加CSCs细胞的数量,并发现miR-181能够直接作用于肝脏细胞的尾型同源框转录因子2(CDX2)、GATA结合蛋白6(GATA6)以及Wnt∕β-catenin信号通路的抑制因子nemo样激酶(NLK),提示miR-181可以作为肝癌治疗的分子靶向目标[18]。

1.6 miRNA与结肠直肠癌肿瘤干细胞 结肠癌细胞系SW1116的 CSCs中,CD133+∕CD44+与 CD133-∕CD44-细胞miRNA的表达存在差异,如miR-29a、miR-29b、miR-449b 和miR-4524等,miRNA在调节结肠癌干细胞的生物学特性中发挥重要的作用,通过调节结肠癌干细胞的信号通路、细胞骨架、膜蛋白的表达在肿瘤的复发和转移中发挥其作用[19]。结肠直肠癌干细胞中miR-451下调导致环氧合酶(COX)-2的表达,从而激活对CSCs非常重要的Wnt信号通路,相反miR-451的表达恢复可引起多药耐药基因ABCB1的表达降低,从而提高结肠癌对伊立替康的敏感性,所以miR-451对结肠直肠癌的复发和耐药性有关,可以作为结肠直肠癌患者对伊立替康化疗反应的标志物[20]。还有研究发现,miR-21通过TGFβR2信号通路在结肠直肠癌干细胞中发挥重要的调节作用[21]。

1.7 miRNA与其他肿瘤干细胞 miR-21和miR-302在胃癌细胞系MKN-45的CSCs中表达升高,Let-7a表达降低,而在普通癌细胞中miR-372、miR-373和miR-520c-5p表达明显高于CSCs[22]。

在卵巢癌干细胞中miR-214通过p53∕Nanog通路调节卵巢癌干细胞的生物学特性,miR-214表达加强可以提高其CSCs的数量、自我更新能力及Nanog表达水平,当敲除miR-214时CSCs的数量、自我更新能力和Nanog的表达水平均降低,尤其在野生型p53基因的细胞系中还发现p53能够直接被miR-214抑制,miR-214通过p53调节Nanog,揭示了miR-214在卵巢癌中的治疗意义[23-24]。

头颈部鳞癌中,ALDH1+∕CD44+细胞亚群具有肿瘤干细胞样细胞的生物学特性,其miR-200c表达下调,Bmi-1表达上调,提高miR-200c的表达或敲除Bmi-1能够对ALDH1+∕CD44+细胞亚群产生显着的抑制作用,过表达miR-200c能够下调Zeb1、锌指转录因子Snail和神经性钙黏附蛋白(N-cadherin),上调E-cadherin,而且在ALDH1+∕CD44+细胞的移植瘤实验中发现,过度表达miR-200c或者敲除Bmi-1能够有效地抑制肿瘤的肺转移能力,提高实验动物的生存率[25]。

2 miRNA作为肿瘤标志物的研究

miRNA在肿瘤及CSCs中特异性表达的特征,使其有可能成为相应肿瘤的生物学标志物,用于对肿瘤进行诊断并评价预后。肿瘤患者的血浆中可以检测到某些特殊的miRNA,这些miRNA就是肿瘤细胞释放入血液循环中的,最早验证血浆miRNA可以作为肿瘤生物标志物的是对肺癌的研究,后来对肝癌患者血清miR-500检测发现,术前患者miR-500呈高表达,术后恢复到正常水平,因此miR-500血清表达情况可以用于肝癌的诊断,同时还可以将miR-500血清表达水平用来判断肿瘤复发及转移情况[26]。乳腺癌患者低表达miR-200与其不良预后有关,提示miR-200可以作为乳腺癌的临床标志物,用来判断患者预后[27]。肾透明细胞癌(RCC)患者血浆中的miR-221和miR-222的表达均高于非肿瘤患者,而肿瘤转移患者血浆中的miR-221表达水平要高于未转移患者,同时发现高表达miR-221的患者具有较低生存期,提示miR-221和miR-222可以作为RCC诊断和判断预后的临床标志物[28]。

3 展望

miRNA对CSCs的生物学行为具有重要的调节作用,了解miRNA在CSCs中的调控机制必然会为肿瘤治疗开辟新的思路,而且某些miRNA还可用来作为肿瘤的标志物。明确CSCs中特异性表达的miRNA及其调控的靶基因、miRNA如何调控CSCs的生物学行为、肿瘤患者血浆中miRNA表达情况等将是今后研究的重点。

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(2014-01-08收稿 2014-04-17修回)

(本文编辑 李国琪)

Research and Clinical Application of miRNAs in Cancer Stem Cells and as Tumor Markers

ZHANG Louqiang,SUN Genglin△
Department of Stomatology,Tianjin Medical University General Hospital,Tianjin 300052,China△Reviser E-mail:lina823198@163.com

The theory of cancer stem cells(CSCs)provides a new perspective for the study of cancer.CSCs doctrine presumes that tumor cells are heterogeneity,and there are cancer stem-like cells in tumors,whose proliferation is uncontrolled.The cancer stem-like cells could form tumors from only few cells,who only account for a very small part of all the tumor cells.These cells with stem cells characteristics could form different extend of differentiation of tumor cells and work as source of tumor growth,recurrence and metastasis.miRNAs are widely-existed non-coding small RNAs,which regulate 1∕3 of all human genes and participate in a series of essential processes of life.More and more evidences indicate that miRNAs contribute significantly to cancer generation and development.They may exhibit oncogenic activity and act as tumor suppressors.As one of the post-transcriptional controlling factors,they regulate biological processes of tumor related genes extensively and specific miRNAs expression profiles were shown in different cancers.The research of miRNA about CSCs has become very hot.Some studies have confirmed that miRNAs play a very important role in a variety of CSCs,which act as a new target for tumor therapy.Researchers have found that some specific miRNAs express in plasma of cancer patients,which can be used as tumor markers to assist diagnosis and prognosis.This review focused on current progress of research in function of miRNAs in CSCs and its role as tumor markers.

neoplastic stem cells;microRNAs;tumor markers,biological;review

R730.4

A

10.3969∕j.issn.0253-9896.2014.10.025

天津医科大学总医院口腔科(邮编300052)△审校者 E-mail:lina823198@163.com