牛利平

〔关键词〕 中学英语语法教学;宾语补足语;

用法

〔中图分类号〕 G633.41

〔文献标识码〕 C

〔文章编号〕 1004—0463(2012)

12—0081—01

英语中某些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语,意思才完整,宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。而复合宾语的第一部分通常由名词或代词充当,第二部分表示第一部分的名词或代词发出的动作或身份、特征等,称为宾语补足语。常见的宾语补足语有八种形式:

1.许多动词可跟“宾语 + to do…”构成句子,句中的不定式作宾语补足语;否定形式为“动词+宾语+not to do…”。例如:My boss told me to type out two letters.

句中“My boss”作主语,“told”作谓语,“me”作宾语,划线部分作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子:

They forbade her to leave the country.

Please remind me not to be late for the meeting.

2.有些动词可跟“宾语+to be…”构成句子,句中的不定式作宾语补足语。例如:I consider him to be the best candidate.

句中“I”做主语,“consider”作谓语,“him”作宾语,“to be the best candidate”作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子:

I know him to be a liar.

I suppose him to be away from home.

3.有些动词(感官动词和使动词)后可跟不带“to”的不定式构成句子,句中的不定式作宾语补足语。例如:He saw her enter the room.

句中“He”做主语,“saw”作谓语,“her”作宾语,“enter the room”作宾语补足语。请看下面的句子:

She won''t let me do it.

I heard her lock the door.

We watched the children play games.

这类句子变为被动结构时,不定式前加“to”。请看下列句子,句中最后的不定式作宾语补足语。例如:A child was seen to enter the building. She was often heard to sing this song.

4.“help”后的不定式可加“to”,也可不加“to”,但被动结构中要加to。例如:I''ll help you(to) push the cart.句中“I”做主语,“will help”作谓语,“you”作宾语,句中最后的不定式作宾语补足语。上句的被动语态为:You''ll be helped to push the cart.

5.有些“动词+介词”的结构后也可跟不定式构成句子,句中的不定式作宾语补足语。例如:He shouted to me to come over.句中“He”做主语,“shouted”作谓语,“to”为介词,“me”作宾语,最后一个不定式作宾语补足语。

6.作宾语补足语的不定式,如果表示的动作在谓语所表示情况之前发生,就需要用完成形式:He was known to have worked for the International Olympic Committee.句中“He”做主语,“was known”作谓语,使用了被动语态。由句意可知,“为国际奥委会工作”发生在前,“大家知道”发生在后。故不定式部分用完成形式,在句中作宾语补足语。

7.作宾语补足语的不定式,表示一个正在进行的动作时需用进行形式:He is believed to be living in Mexico.句中“He”做主语,“is believed”作谓语,使用了被动语态。由于句子表达主语现在正在发生的情况,故用不定式的进行形式,句中不定式作宾语补足语。请看下列句子:

Thousands were reported to be working in concentration camps.

He is thought to be hiding in the woods.

间或不定式作宾语补足语也可用于完成进行时。例如:She is said to have been doing this work for twenty years.

8.不定式作宾语补足语的被动形式:He didn''t want her son to be taken away.句中“She”做主语,“didn''t want”作谓语,“her son”作宾语,由于“her son”与“take away”之间为被动关系,故用被动形式,句中不定式作宾语补足语。请看下列句子:

I''d like this room to be redecorated.

He didn''t wish the subject to be mentioned in the letter.

编辑:杨慧芳