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【摘要】因果关系是英语中的一种重要的衔接关系,本文探讨了英语连接中的各种因果关系,探讨了引起因果关系的各种情形,从用法入手,用列举例句的方法探讨了英语中包括连词、动词、介词、动词短语、副词等引起的各类因果关系。

【关键词】因果关系 英语 用法 例句

因果关系是英语中的一种重要的衔接关系,本文从用法入手,用列举例句的方法探讨和总结英语中包括连词、动词、介词、动词短语、副词等引起的各类因果关系。

先看一组表示因果关系的连词:for, since, as, because,它们的语气强弱依次为Because → since → as →for. 其中because ,since, as均为从属连词,引导原因状语从句;而for是并列连词,引导并列句。

1. because表示直接原因,它所表示的原因通常是听话人所不知道的,其语气最强,常用来回答why的提问,一般放在主句的后面,有时也可放在主句的前面,也可以单独存在。如:(1) I did it because he told me to.是他吩咐我才做的。(2)Just because I dont complain, people think Im satisfied.就因为我不发牢骚,大家便以为我满意了。(3)Why is she absent? 她为什幺缺席?Because she is sick. 因为她生病了。此外,在强调句型中,表示原因只能用because,如:4)It was because I missed the early bus that I was late for school.我上学迟到是因为我没有赶上早班车。

2. since侧重主句,从句表示的理由已经显然或者已经为听话人所知,常译为“因为”、“既然”,语气比because稍弱,通常置于句首,但有时也位于句中,表示一种含有勉强语气的原因。如:(5)Since he asks you, youll tell him why. 他既然问你,你就告诉他为什幺吧。(6)We thought that, since we were in the area, wed stop by and see them. 我们想,既然到了这个地方,就该顺便去看看他们。

3. as表示“因为”的意思时主从并重,表示的原因是显而易见的原因,或者理由不太重要,含义与since相同,但语气相对较弱,没有那幺正式。如:(7)As you were out, I left a message.你不在,所以我留了个字条儿。

4. for是并列连词,引导的并列分句一般不放在句首,不能解释某件事的发生的必然原因,只能提供附加的解释和说明。这时for前多加逗号。如:(8)如:She does not go out in the winter,for she feels the cold a great deal.——她冬天不出门,因为她很怕冷。但是当for引导的句子与前边的句子有一定的逻辑关系时,可以放在名首,起承上启下的作用。如:(9)For ,you see, they trusted their own sense of touch very much. 因为,你知道,他们非常相信自己的触觉。

有些介词可以表示原因,如at,for,with,from等。

5. at:作为原因介词,一般由于某种原因导致某人某种情绪的时候,可以用at,常和glad, amused, pleased等连用。如:(10)I am glad at the news. 听到这则消息,我感到很高兴。(我因为你的英语很流利而惊奇。)(11)I laughed at her joke. 我因为听了她说的笑话而大笑起来。

6. for是最常用的原因介词,相当于because of,常和sorry, famous, punish, praise, thank, reward,blame等词连用,后跟sth. /doing sth.。如: (12)I am sorry for what I said to you. 我后悔刚才对你说了那话。(13)He was rewarded for his bravery. —他因英勇而得到嘉奖。(14)Thank you for your help/reminding. 谢谢你的帮助/提醒。(因为你的帮助和提醒而谢谢你。

7. with: 后面一般跟名词表示原因,主语是人时着重在对现在经历的事件感到满意、害怕等,主语是事物的时候表示导致目前状态的原因。比如:(15)She was trembling with fear.——她因为害怕而发抖。(17)The grass was wet with rain.——因为下雨,草地湿了。

8. from可以表示原因,后面跟doing sth.。表示导致谓语动作的起因。如:(18)In this way self-confidence grows, first from mastering a subject, then from being able to talk about it.这样,你的自信心不断增强,先是因为掌握了一门学问,接下来是因为能够就此发表见解。

9. about 表原因,情感是由about后面的动作或事物带来的。(19)He seemed to be excited about something. 他看上去似乎因为什幺而特别兴奋。

10. by表示某种情感的源头,如:(20)The children were very excited by the pantomime. 孩子们看了童话剧感到非常兴奋。

due to, owing to, because of, thanks to这些词组均表示“由于”之意。

11. due to用于较庄重的书面语中,侧重“起因于”,大多数情况下表示坏的原因,在句中多作表语,有时作状语。如:(21) His lateness was due to the very heavy traffic on the motorway. 他迟到是因为高速公路上车辆过多所致。(22)Due to the heavy traffic, he was late.因交通拥挤,他迟到了。due to也可以直接用在名词之后,如:(23)Accidents due to driving at high speed were very common that weekend. 在那个周末因高速驾驶所造成的交通事故很多。

12. owing to可以和due to换用,但在句中多作状语,也可作表语。如:(24)Owing to the heavy traffic, he was late. 因交通拥挤,他迟到了。(25)His success was owing to his hard work. 他能成功是因为他很努力。

13. because of 指事物动作发生的直接原因,可以指好的原因和坏的原因,在句中通常作状语。如:(26)He succeeded because of his hard work.他因为努力学习而成功了。(27)He was absent from class because of the heavy snow. 因为雪太大,他没有去上学。

14. thanks to突出一种感激之情,含“多亏”意味,表示产生好的结果的原因。如:(28)She eventually got to airport thanks to good weather.多亏了好天气,她终于到达了机场。还有习语no thanks to sb./sth. 意思是“并非某人或某事物之功”,如:(29)Its no thanks to you that we arrived on time—your short cuts werent short cuts at all. 我们及时赶到可并没有叨你的光—你说的近路一点儿也不近!thanks to sb./sth.有时做反语,多亏……如:(30)Thanks to the bad weather, the match had been cancelled. 多亏了这个倒霉的天气,挺好的比赛取消了。

15. on account of, 表示客观的原因。如:(31)We delayed our departure on account of the bad weather.有于天气不好,我们将启程的时间推迟了。

16. in light of和because of意思相同,是“由于”的意思。如:(32) Vote in light of killing of Italian student in Cairo. 因为意大利学生在开罗被杀(一事)投票表决。

17.that 从句在一些表示感情的形容词后表示引起这种感情的原因。如:(33)I am sorry that I have left my book home.不好意思我把书落在家里了。(34) I am glad that you are getting better. 你身体在变好,我很开心。

18.一些表示情感的形容词后面跟不定式短语或动名词表引起这种感情的原因,如:(35)I am happy to know that you have passed the driving test.得知你考过了驾照,我很高兴。(36) Nice meeting you!见到你很高兴!

19.有些动词表原因,如:cause,excite, stimulate, make等。(37) Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。(38)The excited children forgot to take the present to the party.孩子们兴奋得忘了把礼物带到聚会上。

表示因果关系的动词短语有:lead to, result in, result from等。

20. lead to导致好的结果。如:(39)His hard work led to his success.

21. result in 后接结果,表示意想不到的结果或不好的结果,往往是指失败、错误等。如:(40)Our efforts resulted in success.我们的努力终于成功了。(我们的成功是因为我们的努力。(41)The accident resulted in three deaths. 这起事故共死了三个人。

22. result from后接原因,如:(42)His success resulted from his hard work.他的成功源自努力学习(工作)。

23. in that是一种固定搭配,其意为“因为”,可用于引导原因状语从句,但是与because不同的是,in that 不能放在句首,只能放在句中。如:(43)Im in a slightly awkward position in that hes not arriving until the 10th. 我的处境有点尴尬,因为他要到10号才来。

24. for the reason+that…因为…… 如:(44)We are not interested in drummed tallow for the simple reason that its price is higher. 对桶装兽脂我们不感兴趣,原因很简单,价格比散装的更高。(45)It is for the reason that we quarrel over the question, because our scales of values differ from one another. 我们为这问题而争论,便是这个缘故,因为我们彼此的价值标准都是不同的。

25.The reason why...is that... ……为什幺……的原因是……如:(46)The reason why he was late for school was that he got up late. 他上学迟到的原因是他起床晚了。

26.That's why... 那就是……为什幺……的原因。如:(47)He got up late. That's why he was late for school.他起床晚了。那就是他为什幺上学迟到的原因。

李基安教授在《现代英语语法》中提到了表示结果的连接副词,他认为:这些连接副词引导的结果是由前句的原因所带来的。这些连接副词包括Accordingly, consequently, hence, so, therefore, thus, as a result, as a consequence,in consequence等。

27. Accordingly 是“因此;于是”的意思,用来引导前面提到的事物的结果或后果。如:(48)We have a different background, a different history. Accordingly, we have the right to different futures.我们有不同的背景和不同的历史。因此,我们有权拥有不同的未来。

28.hence (for this reason),是“因此”的意思。较正式用词,指接下来的东西是理所当然的必需的东西,但强调其重要性。如:(49)I fell off my bike yesterday—hence the bruises. 我昨天骑自行车上摔倒了—所以青一块、紫一块的。(50)The dog is very cute, hence I bought the dog and took her home.这只小狗很可爱,因此,我把她买下带回了家。

29. so 是“所以”的意思,用于比较随便的场合,口语中多用。如:(51)The shops were closed so I didt get any milk. 商店都关门了,所以我没买到牛奶。

30. therefore (for that reason) 是“因此”的意思,通常指引出一个推断出的必然结论。如:(52)The sentence can, therefore, be expected to be severe. 因此,完全可以预料,判决将是严厉的。(53)I think, therefore I exist. 我思故我在。thus 多用于书面语中,可与therefore换用。

31. as a result引导某项事物或活动的结果,通常指不好的结果。如:(54)Her hair started falling out as a result of radiation treatment. 由于放疗,她开始掉头发。(55)Tony worked extremely hard on this project for months. As a result, he broke down for overworking.为了这个工程汤姆玩命地干了几个月,结果,他因劳累过度而倒下了。

32. consequently是“因此”的意思,表示自然而然的结果。(56) She was a bright and eager student and, consequently, did well in school. 她是个聪明好学的学生, 因此学习成绩很好。

33. As a consequence,因而,因此。只有某种事物或情况所带来的结果,有好的结果有坏的结果。如:(57)In this changing business environment, different demands are being placed on employees. As a consequence, the education system needs to change. 在当今变幻莫测的商业环境下,员工被提出各种不同的要求。因此,教育体系有必要随之改变。(58)I regret to inform you he died as a consequence of his injuries. 我很遗憾地通知你,他因伤势太重不治身亡。

34. in consequence 由于,结果。如:(59)Maternity services were to be reduced in consequence of falling birth rates. 由于出生率下降,产科服务会随之削减。(60)In consequence he lost his place. 结果,他失去了他的位置。

上面探讨了英语中的因果关系,限于篇幅和笔者水平,难免挂一漏万,但写本文的目的是抛砖引玉,希望更多的学者能从不同的角度和采用不同的方法来研究英语中的因果关系。

参考文献:

[1]霍恩比(A S Hornby).牛津高阶英汉双解词典[M].商务印书馆.

[2]李基安.现代英语语法[M].外语教学与研究出版社,328.