常英
考试与评价研究
高考英语中定语从句的考查要点简析
常英
定语从句是历年高考单选题的重点内容。本文主要归纳总结高考英语中对定语从句进行考查的五个大类并附高考真题，以厘清思路，从而引导教学。
高考；定语从句；关系代词；考点
定语从句是历年高考单选题的重点内容。在复合句中，修饰名词和代词的从句叫定语从句。从句在句中作定语，被修饰的名词或者代词被称为先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的词被称为关系词，关系词有两种：关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that，which，who（宾格为whom，所有格为whose）等，关系副词包括where，when，why等。它们在先行词和定语从句之间起引导作用，在意义上替代先行词，在定语从句中充当句子成分。
定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句，限定性定语从句对先行词起修饰限定作用，而非限定性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用，先行词和定语从句往往有逗号隔开。以which为例：
①Among the many dangers____sailors have to face，probably the greatest of all is fog.【答案A】（2014江西卷，28）
A.which B.whatC.where D.when
which sailors have to face是限定性定语从句，修饰限定先行词the many dangers，在意义上替代dangers，关系代词which在定语从句中作宾语。
②I borrow the book Sherlock Holmes from the library last week，____my classmates recommended to me.【答案B】（2014北京，26）
A.who B.whicC.when D.where
which my classmates recommended to me是非限定性定语从句，修饰限定先行词the book Sherlock Holmes，在意义上替代the book，which对the book进行补充说明，关系代词which在定语从句中作主语。
考点一：关系代词引导的定语从句
在定语从句中，使用关系代词时我们应该考虑两点：先行词是“人”还是“物”；关系代词在定语从句中充当什幺成分。如：
①Please send us all the information that you have about the candidate for the position.（2014陕西，13）（先行词是all the information，关系代词that在从句中作宾语）
②Finally he reached a lonely island which was completely cut off from the outside worl D.（2013山东，35）（先行词是a lonely island，关系代词which在定语从句中作主语）
③We’ll reach the sales targets in a month which we set at the beginning of the year.（2014重庆，9）（先行词是the sales targets，关系代词which在从句中作宾语）
④Happiness and success often come to those who are good at recognizing their own strengths.（2013湖南，21）（先行词是those，关系代词who在从句中作主语）
⑤A company whose profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroa D.（2014山东，10）（先行词是A company，关系代词whose在从句中作定语）
考点二：关系副词引导的定语从句
当关系词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词。其中when=表示时间的介词（如in，at，on，during等）+which；where=表示地点的介词（如in，at，on，under等）+which；why=表示原因的介词for+which。
1.关系代词与关系副词的选用依据：
当先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的名词时，一定要分析从句的句子结构。如果从句中缺少时间、地点或原因状语，则用关系副词；如果缺少主语、宾语、表语或定语，则用关系代词。如：
①This is the factory where she used to work.（work是不及物动词，缺状语）
②This is the factory that/which I visited last year.（visit是及物动词，缺宾语）
③That evening，which I will tell you more about later，I ended up working very late.（2012全国卷II，8）（根据tell s B.about sth.）
④You should try the barber’s where I go.It’s only 15.（2010天津，8）（根据从句谓语go的搭配确定）
2.高考题中对于where的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为明显的“地点”转为“地点的模糊化”。事实上，对于where这个词，不能只理解为表地点。当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：position，situation，point，case，stage等，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。如：
①Sales director is a position where communication ability is just as importance as sales skills.（2012重庆卷，29）
②It’s helpful to put children in a situation where they can see themselves differently.（2009福建，24）
③I have reached a point in my life where I am supposed to make decisions of my own.（2009浙江，14）
④The book has helped me greatly in my daily communication，especially at work where a good impression is a must.（2014江苏，22）
⑤Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.（2014福建，31）
考点三：“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句
在定语从句中，当关系代词作动词短语或介词的宾语时，为了使关系代词与先行词的关系更加密切，可以将定语从句中的介词或动词短语中的介词放在关系代词前面。注意以下几个问题：
1.介词的选择：介词的选择通常依据定语从句中动词短语的习惯搭配、介词与先行词的搭配或句子的意义来确定。如：
①Wind power is an ancient source of energy to which we may return in the near future.（2010山东，38）（根据return的搭配确定）
②Gun control is a subject about which Americans have argued for a long time.（2009陕西，11）（根据argue about sth的搭配确定）
③The factory in which his father works is far away from my hometown.（根据与先行词的搭配确定）
④This is the pilot by whom my son was save D.（根据意义搭配确定）
2.关系代词的选择：介词后作宾语的关系代词一般来讲有两个：指人时只能用whom，指物时只能用which。当然关系代词作定语时用whose。如：
①The train on which Tom travelled to Canada was very fast.
②He is the man from whose house the picture was stolen.
3.当需要使用表示时间、地点或原因的先行词在从句中作状语时，也可以使用“介词＋关系代词”的结构。
①We can't find the house where（in which）we used to live.
②Do you still remember the day when（on which）we went to the beach?
4.在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，基于意义上的需要，of whom（which）前可带有some/any/few/many/
most/all/both等词或形容词最高级。
English is a language shared by several diverse cultures，each of which uses it differently.（2014天津，12）
考点四：as和which引导的定语从句
1.两者都能引导非限制性定语从句，但用法有区别：
which引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句，可以用and this代替，意思是“这件事”；as引导的从句主要起连接上下文的作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据或出处等。as引导的非限制性定语从句在句中的位置比较灵活，可以放在句首、句中和句末；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句的后面。如：
①Until now，we have raised 50.000 pounds for the poor children，which is quite unexpecte D.（which =and this）（2014四川，4）
②As is known to all，China is a country with the largest population in the worl D.
2.as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，as is known，as is reported等。如果从句中的行为动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。如：
①The air quality in the city，as is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months.（2012福建卷，23）
②It is the third time that she has won the race，which has surprised us all.（2012陕西卷，14）
3.as常用在as（it）seems likely，as（it）often happens，as I remember（it），as（it）appears等结构中。如：
①“You can’t judge a book by its cover，”as the old saying goes.（2013新课标Ⅰ，33）
②There is no simple answer，as is often the case in science.（2013山东，31）
4.as用在the same...as，such...as，as...as，so...as结构中，可以作主语、宾语或表语，可以用来代替先行词是表示人或物的名词。如：
①They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English.（as作主语）
②These houses are sold at such a low price as people expecte D.
（as作宾语）
考点五：定语从句的主谓一致
1.关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致，先行词是句子时，从句的谓语动词用单数形式。如：
①The mobile phone that was given to me was made in China.
②I，who am your friend，will share happiness and sorrow with you.
2.“one of＋复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时，从句的动词通常用复数，但当one前有the only，the very等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。如：
He is one of the students who have made great progress.
He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years.（2002上海春，26）
作者单位：陕西省西安市第一中学
