朱美玲
英语学科核心素养包括语言能力、文化意识、思维品质和学习能力。其中，语言能力是指在社会情境中以听、说、读、看、写等方式理解和表达意义的能力。通过文本课程的学习，学生能进一步发展语言意识和英语语感；掌握英语语言知识并在语境中整合性地运用所学知识；有效使用口笔头语传递意义和进行人际交流（梅德明、王蔷2018）。这无疑突出了英语写作或英语书面表达在高中英语教学中举足轻重的地位。然而，由于学生自身的语言素养不高，语言知识的积累有限，加之中英文语言体系的差异，导致他们在进行英语写作时往往无从下手，心有余而力不足。许多学生在英语写作中通常是根据汉语思维来叠加单词，拼凑句子，根本无句子结构概念和语法规则，也谈不上语言的美感和上下文的逻辑关系，遑论内容拓展和内容升华。
高中英语写作教学是一个漫长且任重而道远的过程。怎样充分利用手头的教学资源和现实的教学环境提高学生的英语写作能力，是一个值得英语教师认真思考和深入探索的主题。
一、以读促写，读写结合
无论是哪个版本的高中英语教材，都是以阅读文章为主。例如，正在使用的北师大版高中英语教材（必修）每个单元有四课，外加Communication Workshop和Culture Corner。前四课中有2—3篇是阅读文章，且Culture Corner部分是拓展阅读，也属于阅读文章。这些阅读文章涉及的话题十分广泛，内容也比较新颖。北师大版高中英语教材共有33个话题，这些话题具有时代性、科技性、文化性、体育性和艺术性。涉及的题材都与高中生的现实生活密切相关，包括生活习俗、文化艺术、自然和环保、社会和社会生活、未来世界等，内容生动且有梯度，是很好的写作范本。
此处的“以读促写，读写结合”并不是指把阅读和写作这两个环节单纯地叠加，而是阅读中有与之休戚相关的写作，写作中有与之息息相关的阅读，是两个环节的“水乳交融，相融共生”。教师要做到在阅读教学中恰当、有效地融入“写”的练习和巩固，在写作教学中充分发挥“读”的有效输入和引领作用，从而最大限度地发挥阅读与写作相互促进的作用，即相辅相成的作用（徐杰2015）。
具体做法如下：利用教材中阅读文章的题材、体裁、话题、话题词汇、话题句型、文章架构、写作手法、时态、语态等传授给学生写作文的技能。在很大程度上，不同语言的教与学有着相通之处。换句话说，英语阅读文章的教学和语文阅读文章的教学有着相似之处，都应该注重对文本的分析，包括宏观分析——整篇文章的谋篇布局，文章的体裁、题材和写作顺序等及微观分析——每个段落的展开方式、写作手法和表达技巧等，句子结构、经典句型、有用的表达方式等，时态、语态和人称等。阅读文章中的一些精彩段落、美词美句值得学生反复阅读和背诵，是很好的仿写素材。在对阅读文章进行宏观分析和微观分析并传授相关的写作技巧之后，教师应鼓励学生尝试仿写或者对课文进行编写、续写，从而开拓其写作思路，培养其写作思维，提高其写作水平，以读促写，读写结合。
以北师大版高中《英语》Module 1 Unit 1 Lesson 1 A Perfect Day?为例，教师在阅读教学过程中引导学生分析、总结并提炼出下列有效信息：
题材：生活方式（Lifestyles）
体裁：记叙文（Narrative）
话题：不同的生活方式（Different Lifestyles）
话 题 词 汇：boring，bored，busy，dangerous，active，easy，lazy，exciting，free，interesting，peaceful，relaxing，stressful...
话题句型：
1.My little brother and I usually do our home work after school while my mother is busy doing chores and preparing meals.
2.Of course，he couldn’t be so outstanding without living such a busy and organized lifestyle.
3.The instant he hears his alarm clock goes off，he jumps out of his bed.
4.It usually takes him about half an hour to brush his teeth，wash his face，get dressed up，eat breakfast，set out and get aboard a bus.
5.It happens that he is always the first student to arrive at the classroom and the last one to leave because he is the class monitor.
6.I go through some important documents brought back from the office in order that I can make preparations for the next day’s work.
时态：一般现在时和现在进行时（Present Simple and Present Continuous）
写作手法：时间顺序为主，空间顺序为辅（Time Sequence supplemented by spatial order）
文章架构：When（time）—Where（place）—What（activities）—How（ways）
高级词汇：urgent，remote，portable，document，TV series，switch/turn on，switch/turn off，switch/turn over，haven’t got，go off，get changed，take up，be filled with，bring back，complain about...
学生通过阅读获得上述有效的信息输入之后，就可以利用课本上的练习或者结合实际生活，以讨论结合写作的方式进行输出。课堂上的输出部分可直接利用课本资源，即Exercise 10 On Page 9 of Module 1。先让学生组成两人合作小组，讨论生活方式，边讨论边做笔记；然后根据上述阅读输入信息和提示写一篇100词左右的短文，介绍搭档的生活方式。课后练习的输出部分要求学生根据阅读教学的输入内容和实际生活写一篇150词左右的作文，介绍自己正在就读的学校——合肥市第四中学学生的生活方式。写作要求如下：
Based on the input during the reading comprehension part，design your perfect day in No.4 senior high school and write a short composition of about 150 words to introduce your lifestyle in No.4 senior high school，using as much Present Simple and Present Continuous as possible.Title：My Perfect Day in Hefei No.4 Middle School.
下面是课堂输出环节某位学生的习作：
My partner Jim，who has too many rules in his house lives a busy and organized lifestyle.He has to get up at six o’clock every morning while most of his friends are still sleeping.The instant the alarm clock goes off，he jumps out of his bed.It usually takes him about half an hour to brush his teeth，wash his face，get dressed up，eat breakfast，set out and get aboard a bus.It happens that he is always the first student to arrive at the classroom and the last one to leave because he is the class monitor.He can’t meet his friends after school because he has got to walk his dog and do some chores so that he can earn some pocket money.Neither can he listen to music nor can he watch TV on school nights.And he has to be in bed by 10：00 o’clock so that he can have enough sleep.On weekends，he has got to do some washing and cleaning.Besides，he has to go to the Children’s Palace to learn the guitar.Of course，he couldn’t be so outstanding without this busy and organized lifestyle.
二、课文缩写和句子扩写
课文缩写不是把单词缩写或把句子缩短，而是指在不改变原文意思的前提下，把比较长的课文缩写成比较短的文章，保留精髓部分，并进行适当拓展。通常情况下，缩写后的文章在150词左右，接近于一篇作文的词数。
句子扩写是指把简单句扩展成复杂句，并运用相关的高级单词、高级短语和高级句型，同时尽量做到句型的丰富多样性，避免单一句型的重复性。
学生在对课文进行缩写的同时，兼顾句子扩写，尽量做到缩写后文章短、句子长，句子结构复杂且句型多样化，如倒装句、强调句、省略句、主从复合句及非谓语动词、介词短语等。
英语教师应成为教学的研究者。通过开展课堂教学研究，教师能对教育理论的体验和了解进一步深化，对教育实践的改进和提高更加有效，对学生的学习有更大的促进和帮助，同时能使自身专业发展的能力不断地、可持续地发展和提高（王蔷、张虹2014）。因此，英语教师可以教材中的阅读课文作为研究对象，对其进行缩写、改写、句子扩充和拓展。以北师大版高中《英语》Module 1 Unit 1 Lesson 1 A Perfect Day?为例，原文由两篇短文组成，分别是A Couch Potato和A Workaholic，讲述了两种截然不同的生活方式——A Couch Potato的生活方式和A Workaholic的生活方式。除标点符号外，共496个单词。教师可以引导学生把两篇短文缩写成两段，保留重点和精华，对保留下来的原文句子进行扩充，改写并适当拓展升华。
例如：第一篇文章A Couch Potato中，如下内容简要概括了Brian Blakey早上醒来后所做的事情：When I awake from sleep，I don’t get out of bed at once.I switch the television on and watch the programs meant for kids and movies dating back to long ago until about half-past eleven.After that I get out of bed，walk downstairs and switch the TV in the sitting room on.
教师可以引导学生把它改写并扩充成：In the morning，instead of/rather than getting up right away，Brian switch the television on to watch the programs meant for kids and movies dating back to long ago until about half-past eleven，after which he goes downstairs and switches on the TV in the sitting room.
改写并扩充后的句子含有介词短语instead of，高级短语rather than及高级句型——定语从句。
第一篇文章A Couch Potato中，如下内容简要概括了Brian Blakey中午所做的事情：For lunch，I eat some biscuits and drink a glass of milk.After that I go on to watch the news.
教师可以引导学生把它改写并扩充成：At noon，what he would like to eat and drink are biscuits and a glass of milk in order that he can save more time for watching the news.
改写并扩充后的句子含有高级句型——主语从句和目的状语从句。
第一篇文章A Couch Potato中，如下内容简要概括了Brian Blakey晚上在家中所做的事情：After supper，I like to watch TV series，sports and the news，especially the main news at seven o’clock，the prime time.At eight o’clock，as long as there is a good programme on BBC 1，I switch over and never miss it.Then after nine o’clock，I enjoy more movies and I usually switch the TV off at about three o’clock.I never watch TV throughout the night.
教师可以引导学生把它改写并扩充成：In the evenings，it’s（a）common practice that he watches TV series，sports or the news.It is not until about 3：00 that he switches off the TV.
改写并扩充后的句子含有高级句型——主语从句，it作形式主语和强调句型。
第二篇文章A Workaholic中，如下内容简要概括了Bob Black早上醒来后所做的事情：I normally awake from sleep approximately ten minutes before my alarm clock goes off.The instant I hear my alarm clock ringing，I jump out of my bed.It takes me less than twenty minutes to wash my face，brush my teeth，get dressed up，eat breakfast，set out and get aboard a bus.
教师可以引导学生把它改写并扩充成：Bob Black，who always gets up early，usually awake from sleep approximately ten minutes before his alarm clock goes off.It usually takes him less than twenty minutes to wash his face，brush his teeth，get dressed up，eat breakfast，set out and get aboard a bus.
改写并扩充后的句子含有高级句型——定语从句。
第二篇文章A Workaholic中，如下内容简要概括了Bob Black上班时在办公室里所忙碌的事情：It happens that I’m always the first person to arrive at the office.The mornings at the office are usually very busy and the afternoons are a lot more busier!Most of the day time is taken up by important meetings as well as phone calls.Nearly every minute of the day is full of urgent matters that require coping with immediately.At about eight o’clock，I usually manage to spare some time to deal with my own paperwork and reply to some private e-mails.
教师可以引导学生把它改写并扩充成：Being busy and having too much work to do，he is always the first person to get to the office and the last one to leave.So busy is he that nearly every minute of the day is full of urgent matters that require coping with immediately.It’s not until eight o’clock that he manages to spare some time to deal with his personal paperwork and reply to some private e-mails.（Only at about eight o’clock can he manage to spare some time to deal with his personal paperwork and reply to some private e-mails.）
改写并扩充后的句子含有非谓语动词作原因状语及高级句型——倒装句和强调句。
第二篇文章A Workaholic中，如下内容简要概括了Bob Black下班后回到家中所从事的事情：After I go back home from work at about ten，I make it a rule to go through some important documents brought back from the office in order that I can make preparations for the next day’s work.
教师可以引导学生把它改写并扩充成：When going back home from work，he makes it a rule to go through some important documents brought back from the office in order that he can make preparations for the next day’s work.
改写并扩充后的句子含有非谓语动词作时间状语和后置定语，高级句型——定语从句和目的状语从句和it作形式宾语，不定式作真正的宾语。
第二篇文章A Workaholic中，如下内容简要表达了Bob Black的家人对他的抱怨与不满及Bob Black自己的想法：I hardly have free time for fun and other activities with my family members.My wife and children are not satisfied with it and complain a lot about it to me.But I just want to work hard and make more money for them so that they can live a better life.In addition，I become fed up if there’s nothing to do.I am used to being busy.
教师可以引导学生把它改写并扩充成：Seldom does he have time for fun as well as other activities，which his wife and children are not content with and complain a lot about.But what he wants is to work hard and earn more money so that his family can lead a better life.In addition，he likes being busy and has already been accustomed to it，otherwise，he would become fed up.
改写并扩充后的句子含有高级短语be content with，be accustomed to和高级句型——倒装句、定语从句和隐含的虚拟语气。
此外，又拓展了一句作为结尾：Were he not so occupied with/engaged in his work，he would have more leisure time to keep his family company.
拓展的句子是一个省略倒装的虚拟语气句子，且含有高级单词leisure和高级短语be occupied with/engaged in，keep sb.company。把改写、扩充和拓展后的句子连句成篇，如下：
In the morning，instead of/rather than getting up right away，Brian switch the television on to watch the programs meant for kids and movies dating back to long ago until about half-past eleven，after which he goes downstairs and switches on the TV in the sitting room.At noon，what he would like to eat and drink are biscuits and a glass of milk in order that he can save more time for watching the news.In the evenings，it’s（a）common practice that he watches TV series，sports or the news.It is not until about 3：00 that he switches off the TV.
Bob Black，who always gets up early，usually awake from sleep approximately ten minutes before his alarm clock goes off.It usually takes him less than twenty minutes to wash his face，brush his teeth，get dressed up，eat breakfast，set out and get aboard a bus.Being busy and having too much work to do，he is always the first person to get to the office and the last one to leave.So busy is he that nearly every minute of the day is full of urgent matters that require coping with immediately.It’s not until eight o’clock that he manages to spare some time to deal with his personal paperwork and reply to some private e-mails.（Only at about eight o’clock can he manage to spare some time to deal with his personal paperwork and reply to some private e-mails.）When going back home from work，he makes it a rule to go through some important documents brought back from the office in order that he can make preparations for the next day’s work.Seldom does he have time for fun as well as other activities，which his wife and children are not content with and complain a lot about.But what he wants is to work hard and earn more money so that his family can lead a better life.In addition，he likes being busy and has already been accustomed to it，otherwise，he would get fed up.Were he not so occupied with/engaged in his work，he would have more leisure time to keep his family company.
这样的课文缩写既简明扼要、句型丰富多样、高级句型层出不穷，又不乏高级词汇，且语言充满美感。学生多读、多背这样的课文，多练习改写、扩充，甚至仿写，久而久之，写作能力一定会得到提高。
结语
总之，语言的学习是一个日积月累的漫长过程，写作能力的培养和提高也绝非一日之功。在高中英语教学中，教师要高度重视语言的载体——教材，要对教材里的阅读课文物尽其用，用以读促写、读写结合的方法，并辅助课文缩写和句子扩写的训练，培养和提高学生的英语写作能力。只有坚持不懈，持之以恒，随着时间的推移，学生的英语写作能力才能大大提高。
